France in 2022: the People’s Union, and Mélenchon

In the run-up to June’s parliamentary elections, the political atmosphere in France has been transformed by a new left alliance, the New Popular Union. How useful is it and what are its prospects?

By John Mullen
01/06/2022

Just over a month ago, between the two rounds of the French presidential elections, the news was filled with depressing “debates” between conservatives and fascists about how best to defend the rich and mistreat Muslims. But after the second round, the radical Left managed to regain the initiative by forming an electoral alliance and launching an ambitious campaign for the legislative elections in June, elections that will decide which government will run France. The new alliance has provoked much enthusiasm, and considerable criticism. How useful will it be to working people?

Electoral politics is a distorted reflection of class struggle. For the last twenty years, France has been the stage for regular social explosions. Among them, there was the mass strike movement against François Hollande’s 2016 labour law, a law which worsened millions of people’s employment contracts; there was the (for the moment, successful) revolt against Macron’s attack on pension rights; and, of course, there was the impressive Yellow Vest rebellion.

These movements inspired and educated millions, also showing a high level of class consciousness (half of the strikers were acting to defend the pensions of future generations, not their own). They were generally defensive in nature, reacting against vicious government attacks, sometimes from right wing governments, sometimes from Socialist Party governments. It is the relatively high level of class consciousess and combativity which has allowed the rebirth of left reformism in a radical and insurgent form – the France Insoumise.

Of course, life would be easier for Marxists if people involved in these exciting and painful class struggles all realized at the same time the need to overthrow capitalism and eliminate forever the dictatorship of profit. But this is not the way of the world, and most were thinking “How can we get a government that doesn’t attack us?” “Surely we can get a government who are on our side for a change?”

New Popular Union

Millions now feel the New Popular Union is the answer to this question. Formed by Jean-Luc Mélenchon and the France Insoumise, after his impressive score of 7.7 million votes at the presidentials, it involves other left parties roughly in proportion to their presidential scores: notably the Greens (who got 1.5 million votes), the French Communist Party (800,000) and (what is left of) the Socialist Party (600,000). These have formed the Nouvelle Union Populaire écologique et sociale (NUPES).

The aim is to win a parliamentary majority in June and apply radical reforms. As a result the TV discussions are now, to our delight, filled with questions about raising the minimum wage by more than 15%, increasing all public sector salaries by 10%,  allowing people to retire at 60, taxing the rich, and freezing prices on basic foods and on fuel. The NUPES has published a list of 650 proposals, adding up to (as Jean-Luc Mélenchon has termed it) “spectacular change”. Other key measures include ending nuclear power, 100,000 new hospital jobs, and “refounding the police” in response to frequent police violence against demonstrators and ethnic minorities.

The France Insoumise MPs elected in 2017 were already different from most MPs: a care worker, a librarian, a radical journalist, a leading fighter against Islamophobia: all rare sights elsewhere in the National Assembly. The New Popular Union is now presenting some new candidates who symbolize grassroots revolt: for example, Rachel Kéké, one of the Black leaders of a very long hotel cleaners’ strike, and Stéphane Ravacley, a baker who hit the news when he went on hunger strike to stop the expulsion from France of his young Black apprentice.

The coalition aims at winning a majority in parliament in the June elections. Arguing that Macron only won because people were voting against his fascist opponent, the NUPES leadership say it is the left which can win the legitimacy to govern the country. Mélenchon’s programme is popular, and a poll mid-May by major TV channel TF1 put NUPES top for first round voter intentions at 28%, as against 27% for Macron’s candidates and 22% for the far right. Winning a parliamentary majority is nevertheless an uphill struggle for the NUPES, since in the second round of a two round election, those who voted fascist in the first round will often support Macron’s party. Yet in the last parliamentary elections, in 2017, over 20 million people stayed at home on election day. If the radical left can mobilize those who usually abstain, everything is possible.

Enthusiasm

The most important effect of the launching of the new coalition has been a rise in enthusiasm among voters and activists, and the dynamic of the presidential campaign has continued, with neighbourhood meetings in every town and much door to door canvassing. It is a mass campaign of mobilization and education. Nevertheless there are points of tension. Many feel that, although the slate of candidates is less white and elite than usual, it should be considerably less white still, and include more grassroots activists.

In addition, the inclusion in the NUPES alliance of the Socialist Party as a junior partner (which will stand as NUPES in 70 constituencies of the 570 in total) has been controversial. Many NUPES supporters say that this inclusion has allowed NUPES to make the most of the real roots that the Socialist Party has in a few regions, and that the agreement, by which the PS has signed up to the key points of the NUPES programme, has accelerated the crisis in the PS, and may even see its right wing leave the party. They say that, in this way, the NUPES has no real opposition on the left, and that this unity can help build the mass dynamic needed to win. Others on the Left consider any agreement with the Socialist Party, even though the latter is weakened, is unacceptable, and may be the beginning of a drift rightwards.

Many Marxist activists are involved in the NUPES campaign, and three fairly small revolutionary groups work with it (two producing their own paper). But the biggest (though not very big) far-left group, the New Anticapitalist Party, is very much divided on the question, and it has been decided that each NPA branch will decide whether to support or not support NUPES locally.

Hope and danger

The objective of the New Popular Union is to use the state to limit the power of capital. It is not to break this power. And certainly there is no shortage of dangers. Let us summarize the main ones.

Firstly, well-funded media smear campaigns and right-wing movements could push NUPES backwards and help the right wing win. Secondly, in case of a victory by the NUPES alliance, the huge powers of international capital will move into action to stop the programme being put into practice by the new government. Finally, an intermediate result, in which NUPES was able to form a government only by allying with forces to its right, would put strong pressure on NUPES leaders to hugely water down the programme.

Many NUPES activists are aware that mass mobilization is key to limiting these dangers. Mélenchon himself insists that one of the main reasons for the relative failure of Mitterand’s radical left government in the 1980s was the lack of popular mobilization. Naturally, only Marxists go one step further and insist that such mobilization must eventually aim at a new kind of state which can definitively break the power of capital.

But for Marxists to persuade people of this, they need to be part of the present movement for spectacular change. The situation does not need guardians of the pure revolutionary flame without fuel, whose ambition is to say “I told you so” more poetically than other activists. In a situation where most workers do not have a clear idea what a socialist revolution is, or how to distinguish it from the “citizens’ revolution” called for by Mélenchon, it is essential to be able to defend our ideas while building the struggle for radical reforms alongside many thousands of others.

A terrified elite

The ruling class, in any case, are terrified. Media scare campaigns and smear campaigns are running at high temperature. The front page of the principal conservative weekly, Le Point,  says Mélenchon is “another Le Pen” “a charlatan” with “a taste for dictators”. Another right winger says “Mélenchon thinks he is the messiah”. On the television, Mélenchon is presented as “a dangerous man”, the NUPES as a “monstruous radicalism” which “submits to Islamic fundamentalism”, an alliance which is “outside of democratic rules” and is “an insult to democracy” .

One leading member of the right wing of the Socialist Party claimed Mélenchon would make France into North Korea, another complained that by joining the alliance, the Socialist Party was “selling its soul to the monster”.

Macron and the right, meanwhile…

Macron had promised that his second term “will not be a continuation of the term just finished” but a “réinvention”, a “complete renewal”. Still, after his cabinet reshuffle and change of Prime Minister in late May, Le Monde headlined “Macron chooses continuity”. Under pressure from his Left, he made two choices which he hoped would satisfy the less right wing of his supporters.

Firstly he appointed a woman Prime Minister, Elisabeth Borne. She claims to see herself as “a woman of the left”, but no one else appears to have noticed, and her past record includes organizing the partial privatization of French railways, and being a key player in Macron’s plan to smash the French pensions scheme.

Secondly, Macron appointed a Black historian as Minister of Education. Certainly not a left-wing man, Pap N’diaye has nevertheless spoken against the ridiculous Islamophobic campaigns led by the previous Minister, Jean-Marie Blanquer, who had claimed that French universities were dominated by scary “Islamoleftists”. This is a welcome step backwards for the Islamophobes, who are under much more pressure since Mélenchon’s party moved to defending muslims.

The Islamophobes are on the offensive elsewhere though. A huge row has blown up over the decision of the town council of Grenoble, who voted to authorize in council swimming pools the full-body swimsuits which Muslim women occasionally wear. Racist regional governments responded by announcing they would cut funding to any swimming pools who made this decision. The state took the question to the courts in emergency session, and the town council was ordered to suspend the authorization of this piece of clothing in the swimming pools. Although the subject may seem trivial, it has given rise to a major racist campaign presenting Islam as incompatible with women’s rights and democracy.

The reaction on the left is poor. Despite the important steps forward in recent years, which have led to Mélenchon now defending Muslims regularly and publicly against Islamophobia in general terms, the Left still has a long way to go. Almost all national leaderships of left organizations have avoided committing themselves on the issue, because their organizations are divided. Mélenchon declared he should not be expected “to comment on the rules of swimming pools”. The NPA newspaper avoided the issue, too.

A key fight

After the billions spent on the pandemic, and determined not to tax the rich, Macron, if he is re-elected, will turn the austerity programme up even higher. Recent polls show that for 46% of French people, poverty and wages (or, as the pollsters quaintly put it, “pouvoir d’achat” – “buying power”) make up the number one issue in the forthcoming elections, polling far ahead of any other question. The NUPES campaign for spectacular change is providing hope and education to huge numbers of people. It needs everyone’s support.

John Mullen is a Marxist activist in the Paris region, and a supporter of the Nouvelle Union Populaire.

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